Tunneling in inhabited urban precincts is associated with unique challenges. An urban environment typically can have a shallow ground cover, or soft ground conditions, or mixed ground. Roads crisscross urban areas beneath which lie extensive intricate networks of wet and dry utilities. Building foundations are sacrosanct. Abandoned foundations and buried structures are frequently encountered unknowns. While tunneling, all these conditions, utilities, and structures must remain intact. Space constraints magnify this challenge.